Trajan
Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (September 18, 53 August 9, 117), Roman Emperor (98-117), commonly called Trajan, was the second of the so-called "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the Empire reached its greatest territorial extent.
Trajan was the son of M. Ulpius Traianus, a prominent senator and general from a famous Roman family. The family had settled in the province of Hispania Baetica in what is now Andalusia, a province that was as utterly Romanized as southern Hispania. Trajan himself was just one of many well-known Ulpii in a line that continued long after his own death.
He was born on September 18, 53, in the city of Italica. As a young man, he rose through the ranks of the Roman army, serving in some of the most contentious parts of the Empire's frontier, along the Rhine River. He took part in the Emperor Domitian's wars against the Germanic tribes, and was known as one of the foremost military commanders of the Empire when Domitian was killed in 96.
His renown served him well under Domitian's successor, Nerva, who was unpopular with the army and needed to do something to gain their support. He accomplished this by naming Trajan as his adoptive son and successor in the summer of 97.
It was the future Emperor Hadrian who brought word to Trajan of his adoption, and thus had Trajan's favor for the rest of his life. When Nerva died on January 27, 98, the highly respected Trajan succeeded without incident, making him the first non-Italian Roman to become Emperor.
The new emperor was greeted by the people of Rome with great enthusiasm, which he justified by governing well and without the bloodiness that had marked Domitian's reign. He freed many people who had been unjustly imprisoned by Domitian and returned a great deal of private property which Domitian had confiscated; a process begun by Nerva before his death. His popularity was such that the Roman Senate eventually bestowed upon Trajan the honorific of optimus, meaning "the best".
But it was as a soldier that Trajan is best known to history. In 101, he launched a punitive expedition into the kingdom of Dacia, on the northern bank of the Danube River, and forced King Decebalus to submit to him a year later, after Trajan took the Dacian capital of Sarmizegetusa. Trajan then returned to Rome in triumph and was granted the title Dacicus Maximus.
However, Decebalus soon began stirring up trouble on the frontier again, trying to get the neighboring kingdoms of the north bank of the Danube to join him. Trajan again took the field, with his engineers building a massive bridge over the Danube, and conquered Dacia completely in 106. Sarmizegetusa was destroyed, Decebalus committed suicide, and Trajan built a new city, "Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa", on another site than the previous Dacian Capital, although bearig the same name, Sarmizegetusa . He resettled Dacia with Romans and annexed it as a province of the Roman Empire.
At about the same time, the kingdom of Nabatea expired upon the death of its final king, Rabbel Soter. He willed the realm to Trajan, so at the same time that Dacia was being conquered, the Empire gained what became the province of Arabia Petraea (modern southern Jordan and a small part of Saudi Arabia).
For the next seven years, Trajan ruled as a civilian emperor, to the same acclaim as before. It was during this time that he corresponded with Pliny the Younger on the subject of how to deal with the Christians of Pontus, basically telling Pliny to leave them alone unless they were openly practicing the religion. He built several new buildings, monuments and roads in Italy and his native Hispania. His magnificent forum, including Trajan's Column, raised to commemorate his victories in Dacia, still stands in Rome today, as does a triumphal arch in Mérida, which in Trajan's time was the major city of Lusitania.
In 113, he embarked on his last campaign, provoked by Parthia's decision to put an unacceptable king on the throne of Armenia, a kingdom over which the two great empires had shared hegemony since the time of Nero some fifty years earlier. Trajan marched first on Armenia, deposed the king and annexed it to the Roman Empire. Then he turned south into Parthia itself, taking the cities of Babylon, Seleucia and finally the capital of Ctesiphon in 116. He continued southward to the Persian Gulf, whence he declared Mesopotamia a new province of the Empire and lamented that he was too old to follow in the steps of Alexander the Great.
But he did not stop there. Later in 116, he captured the great city of Susa. He deposed the Parthian king Osroes I and put his own puppet ruler Parthamaspates on the throne. Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east.
It was at this point that the fortunes of war - and his own health - betrayed Trajan. The fortress city of Hatra, on the Tigris in his rear, continued to hold out against repeated Roman assaults. He was personally present at the siege and it is possible that he suffered a heat stroke while in the blazing heat. The Jews inside the Roman Empire rose up in rebellion once more, as did the people of Mesopotamia. Trajan was forced to withdraw his army in order to put down the revolts. Trajan saw it as simply a temporary setback, but he was destined never to command an army in the field again.
Late in 116, while resting in the province of Cilicia and planning another war against Parthia, Trajan grew ill. His health declined throughout the spring and summer of 117, until he finally died from edema on August 9. On his deathbed, he named Hadrian as his successor. Hadrian, upon becoming ruler, returned Mesopotamia to Parthian rule. However, all the other territories conquered by Trajan were retained.For the remainder of the history of the Roman Empire and well into the era of the Byzantine Empire, every new emperor after Trajan was honored by the Senate with the prayer felicior Augusto, melior Traiano, meaning "may he be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan".Unlike many lauded rulers in history, Trajan's reputation has survived undiminished for nearly 1,900 years.
The Christianization of Rome resulted in further embellishment of his legend: it was commonly said in medieval times that Pope Gregory I, through divine intercession, resurrected Trajan from the dead and baptized him into the Christian faith. In the Divine Comedy, Dante, following this legend, sees the spirit of Trajan in the Heaven of Jupiter with other historical and mythological persons noted for their justice.
Trajan's Bridge was the first bridge built on the lower Danube river, east from the Iron Gates, near what is now the city of Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania and Kladovo, Serbia. The bridge was built to provide supplies for the Roman legions that were fighting in Dacia.The Danube is 800 meters wide at the location of the bridge. The bridge extended past the river banks for a total length of 1135 meters. It was 15 meters wide and 19 meters above the water. Each end of the bridge was guarded by a Roman castrum: crossing could be made only by walking through the castrum.
The engineer, Apollodorus of Damascus, used wooden arches set on twenty masonry pillars (made with bricks, mortar and pozzolana cement) that spanned 52-meters each. However, the way it was built - in such a short time (103-105) - is still a mystery and it is thought that the course of the Danube may have been diverted during the construction.A memorial plaque that commemorates Trajan's victory against the Dacians is located on the Serbian side facing Romania.The bridge was destroyed by Aurelian, after the Roman Empire withdrew its troops from Dacia. It was for more than a thousand years the longest bridge that had ever been built.The twenty pillars could still be seen in the year 1856, when the level of the Danube hit a record low. In 1906 the International Commission of the Danube decided to destroy two of the pillars that were obstructing navigation.
In 1932 there were 16 remaining pillars underwater, but in 1982 only 12 were mapped by archeologists, as probably four were swept away by water in the meantime. Nowadays, only the first pillars can be seen on the banks of the Danube.
References
J.F.C. Fuller - A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes.
Wikipedia
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